| What % of deaths in middle-aged Americans are due to cardiovascular disease? |
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| Silent Killer Signs of Cardiovasular Disease? (3) |
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| High blood pressureHigh blood cholesterol Atherosclerosis (build-up of plaque in coronary arteries) |
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| Symptoms of cardiovasular disease? (What is the #1 Symptom?) |
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| Heart Attack (#1!)Angia Pectoris (pain in chest)Arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) |
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| How many die of heart attacks before reaching the hospital? (Hint: %) |
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| PHYSICAL CHANGES: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Vision (2) |
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| Accomodation of the eye- ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina (sharp decline between 40-59; leads to difficulty viewing close objects) Size of pupil shrinks and lens yellows- limits ability to see in dim light and color discrimination |
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| PHYSICAL CHANGES: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Hearing (3) |
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| Estimated 14% of American adults between ages 45-64 have hearing loss (sometimes heredity; age-related declines) Typically starts with loss at high frequencies MENS hearing declines earlier (30s) and at a faster rate than womens (50s) |
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| PHYSICAL CHANGES: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Weight and Body Dimensions-Middle-Aged Spread(3) |
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| Slowed metabolism Increase in body fat and loss of lean body mass Affects torso mostly- Women get a rounder figure: weight goes to waist- Men in upper back and upper abdomen |
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| PHYSICAL CHANGES: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Weight and Body Dimensions-Bone Mass and Density(2) |
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| Gradual loss in bone mass and density makes bones weaker Begins in late 30s and accelerates in 50s (esp. in women) |
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| PHYSICAL CHANGES: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Weight and Body Dimensions-Height (2) |
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| Disks in spinal column move closer Shrinkage in height averages about 1/2 inch every decade |
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| CHANGES IN REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONING: Climacteric-Definition?Nature of Climacteric?Concludes with? |
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| Midlife transition in which fertility declines Gradual changes over 10 year period (perimenopause); drop in production of estrogen; cycles become shorter and irregular Menopauge- the cessation of menstration and of reproductive capactiy |
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| MENOPAUSE: TimingWhen does it typically begin?Key factor in timing?What also affects timing?NOT affected by? |
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| Typicall between 50-55 (52 is average) GENETICS as a key factor Lifestyles also affect timing (smoking linked to earlier onset) NOT affected by age at first period, race, height, or number of children |
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| MENOPAUSE: Hormonal Changes?[Physical] |
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| Reduction in female sex hormones leads to decreased skin elasticity and loss of calcium in bones Hot flashes; night sweats; weight gain; headaches; muscular fatigue; strain |
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| HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY (HRT): 2 types? |
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| 1. Estrogen only= for women who have had hysterectomy 2. Estrogen + Progestin= for women with an intact uterus |
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| What is HRT believed to do? |
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| reduce risks of heart disease and osteoporosis and relieve some symptoms |
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| Early evidence to support benefits of HRT: |
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| hormone regimen is associated with reduced “bad” cholesterol and increased “good” cholesterol |
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| WOMENS HEALTH INITIATIVE (WHI): What was it? |
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| a large, randomized clinical trial supported by the National Institues of Health |
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| What were the finding of WHI?(3) |
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| (compared with women taking the placebo, after 5 years): – increase in breast cancer- increase in strokes- increase in heart attacks |
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| What were some concerns with WHI?(3) |
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| Were the results accurately reported? There were no differences in number of deaths There was substantial benefirts for some women |
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| Why did both WHI studies fail? |
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| Study 1: stopped early because the risks outweighed the benefits Study 2: also eventually asked to stop |
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